First record of Gymnosiphon tenellus (Benth.) Urb. (Burmanniaceae) in Paraná state and southern Brazil

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NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 15 (5): 863-866 BS
https://doi.org/10.15560/15.5.863 PENSUFT.

First record of Gymnosiphon tenellus (Benth.) Urb. (Burmanniaceae)
in Parana state and southern Brazil

Inti de Souza', Christopher Thomas Blum', Marcelo Leandro Brotto?

1 Federal University of Parana, Forest Science Department, Av. Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632, Jardim Botanico, CEP 82.590-300, Curitiba, Parana,
Brazil. 2 Municipal Botanical Museum of Curitiba, R. Eng. Ostoja Roguski, 690, Jardim Botanico, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
Corresponding author: Inti de Souza, intidesouza@gmail.com

Abstract

Gymnosiphon tenellus (Bentham) Urban is recorded for the first time in the state of Parana and in southern Brazil. Until
now it has only been known to occur in Central America, the Amazonian Rainforest, and in the Atlantic Rainforest
of the state of Rio de Janeiro in southeastern Brazil. An updated description is provided, along with original, detailed
pictures of the species.

Keywords
Araucaria Rainforest, myco-heterotrophic plants, saprophytes.

Academic editor: Guilherme Dubal dos Santos Seger | Received 17 April 2019 | Accepted 8 September 2019 | Published 27 September 2019

Citation: Souza I, Blum CT, Brotto ML (2019) First record of Gymnosiphon tenellus (Benth.) Urb. (Burmanniaceae) in Parana state and southern
Brazil. Check List 15 (5): 863-866. https://do1.org/10.15560/15.5.863

Introduction the family are myco-heterotrophic and occur in the lit-

ter layer of moist, well-preserved forests (Jonker 1938).
The Burmanniaceae is thought to be an ancient family Myco-heterotrophic plants, often called saprophytes,
because closely related species are found in the Ameri- _ obtain their nutrition from a saprophytic ectomycorrhi-
cas, Africa, and Asia (Jonker 1938; Merckx et al. 2008). zal associated fungi (Maas et al. 1986a; Leake 1994).
Despite having a low capacity for long-distance disper- _ This strategy allows them to survive under the low-light
sal, some genera of this family are widely distributed and —_ conditions of forest understories and provides an alter-

occur over astounding distances (Merckx et al. 2008). native to avoid more competitive conditions (Bidartondo
Gymnosiphon Blume is a species-rich Pantropical et al. 2004).
genus of Burmanniaceae (Merckx et al. 2008), char- Due to their habits, myco-heterotrophic plants are

acterized by outer petals 3-lobed, caducous, fruits in generally poorly documented. For instance, Thismia nep-
line with the pedicel, dehiscent through three valves or tunis Beccari (Thismiaceae) was rediscovered after 151
with the capsule wall irregularly withering (Maas et al. years without collection records (Sochor et al. 2018), and
1986b). The genus comprises 24 species, of which 14 Thismia prataensis Mancinelli, C.T. Blum & E.C. Smidt
are found in the Neotropics (Maas-van de Kamer 1998). is known only by its type specimen (Mancinelli et al.
In Brazil, nine species are known thus far (Maas et al. 2012). In the state of Parana, the family Burmanniaceae
2015). Although some Burmanniaceae are autotrophic is represented by nine species from six genera (Smidt
(restricted to Burmannia Linnaeus), most species of 2014), although the “Flora do Brasil 2020” mentions nine

Copyright Souza etal. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

864

species from five genera (Maas et al. 2015). As a result
of recent sampling efforts, one additional species, Gym-
nosiphon tenellus (Bentham) Urban, is now added to the
flora of Parana. The new record extends this species’
occurrence to southern Brazil.

Methods

As part of the EFC Herbarium extension program, regu-
lar expeditions were made to expand knowledge of the
flora of Parana. Field campaigns in the municipalities
of Curitiba (Capao do Cifloma urban forest) and Quatro
Barras (Serra da Baitaca State Park) led to the discovery
of two populations of a species of Burmanniaceae not
previously known from the state. The specimens were
deposited in the EFC Herbarium (Federal University of
Parana, Jardim Boténico Campus, Brazil).

Specialized literature was used to confirm identity
of the species and determine its geographic distribution
(Jonker 1938; Maas et al. 1986b; Maas-van de Kamer and
Maas 1988, 2003, 2005). Additional data were obtained
from speciesLink (http://splink.cria.org.br/), Tropicos
(http://www.tropicos.org/), Catalogue of Life (http://
www.catalogueoflife.org/), and Flora do Brasil 2020
(http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/) databases. The collec-
tions from the MBM (Municipality of Curitiba, Brazil),
EFC, and UPCB (both from the Federal University of

Check List 15 (5)

Parana, Brazil) herbaria were also checked for possible
additional material.

Results

Gymnosiphon tenellus (Bentham) Urban, Symb. Ant.
3(3): 438. 1903.
Figure |

New records. Brazil. « Parana, Curitiba, Capaio do Cif-
loma, 25°26'57"S, 049°14'21"W, alt. 910 m, 19 Jan. 2016,
C.T. Blum 2457 (EFC 14974) « ibidem, 15 Feb. 2018, I.
Souza 230 (EFC 16361) * ibidem, 16 Mar. 2018, I. Souza
236 (EFC 16355) * Piraquara, Serra da Baitaca State
Park, 25°23'15"S, 049°00'26"W, alt. 1170 m, 21 Feb.
2018, I. Souza 222 (EFC 16266) * Sao José dos Pinhais,
Contenda, 28 Feb. 1967, G. Hatschbach 16078 (MBM
25311);

Identification. Myco-heterotrophic herb 5—12 cm tall.
Stem white to purplish, usually branched. Leaves ovate,
ca 1.5 x 1.0 mm, apex acute. Inflorescence a bifurcate
cincinnus, each cincinnus ca 10 mm long, with one to
three flowers. Bracts ovate, ca 1.5 x 1.0 mm, apex acute.
Flowers erect, sessile to sub-sessile, actinomorphic, ca
1.2 mm long. Floral tube ca 7 mm long. Outer tepals
3-lobed, 3—4 mm long, central lobe ovate-triangular.
Inner tepals orbicular (in fresh material), ca 0.4 x 0.4

Figure 1. Gymnosiphon tenellus (Benth.) Urb. A. Individual with flower and fruit. B. Individual with flower and fruits in natural environment.
C. Floral tube opening. D. Inner flower structures: inner tepals three (it) above the stigma, stamens three (s) under the stigma. E. Floral
button and dehiscent fruits. F. Mature fruit and dehiscent fruits. G. Seeds in fruit.

Souza et al. | First record of Gymnosiphon tenellus in southern Brazil

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Figure 2. Geographical distribution of Gymnosiphon tenellus
(Benth.) Urb. in the Neotropics (red dots) and the new record (red
star).

mm; stamens three, adnate to the perianth. Style ca 4
mm long. Stigmas horseshoe-shaped, without append-
ages. Ovary obovoid, one-celled with three parietal pla-
centa, ca | mm long. Capsule globose, 2 x 1.5—2 mm.

Distribution (Fig. 2). Central America (Costa Rica,
Honduras, Jamaica, and Panama), Amazonian regions
of Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil, and in
the Brazilian states Rio de Janeiro (Maas et al. 1986b;
Maas-van de Kamer and Maas 1988, 2005; Maas et al.
2015; Kew 2018; Tropicos 2018) and now Parana. From
sea level to 1400 m a.s.l. (Maas et al. 1986b; Maas-van
de Kamer and Maas 1988). The specimens studied here
were collected at 900-1200 m a.s.l., within Araucaria
and Atlantic rainforests. These populations consisted of
individuals scattered over the forest floor as well as clus-
tered in moist places with leaf litter.

Phenology. Flowering and fruiting year-round (Maas
et al. 1986b). The specimens were observed flowering
and fruiting in February and March. Additional mate-
rial indicates reproductive activity also in January in the
state of Parana.

Discussion

With the addition of the new records, two Gymnosiphon
species are now confirmed in the state of Parana: Gym-
nosiphon divaricatus (Bentham) Bentham & Hooker and
G. tenellus. Gymnosiphon tenellus can be distinguished
from G. divaricatus by the stigma appendages (easily
observed with a simple microscope), which are absent in
G. tenellus (Maas et al. 1986b).

Maas et al. (1986b: 109) described the inner tepals of
G. tenellus as “narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate”.
However, upon the analysis of fresh material, we found
the inner tepals to be orbicular and yellowish in color.

865

The inner walls of the floral tube are also yellowish.

The early diversification of the family Burmannia-
ceae probably resulted from vicariance, whereas its pan-
tropical distribution was caused by expansion of tropical
forests during the Eocene. Both processes may explain
the wide geographical distribution of G. tenellus (Jara-
millo et al. 2006, 2010; Merckx et al. 2008).

Our new records include the most southern record of
G. tenellus thus far. The occurrence of this species is in
a region having the Cfb climate, according to the Kop-
pen system (Maack 1981; Roderjan 1994); Cfb occurs
throughout southern Brazil (Alvares et al. 2013), which
suggests that G. tene//us may occur in all southern Bra-
zilian states.

Acknowledgements

Our kind regards to Hiltje Maas-van de Kamer and Paul
J.M. Maas for confirming the identification.

Authors’ Contributions

IS collected the data and wrote the manuscript, CTB
wrote the manuscript, and MLB produced the figures
and revised the manuscript.

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